刘楠：《Journal of Public Policy》摘要翻译
为提升试验班学员关注学科前沿的国际意识，根据学科专业不同，试验班为每个学员分配一个国际权威期刊，对最新文献进行摘要翻译。这些期刊主要集中在政治学、国际关系、公共行政、公共政策、哲学等领域。从本周开始，公众号将每周推出一期。本期是由2014级刘楠同学负责的期刊Journal of Public Policy，共有8篇文章，敬请大家分享阅读。对于翻译不精准之处，欢迎提出宝贵意见，大家一起研讨。
【期刊简介】
Journal of Public Policy
The Journal of Public Policy applies social science theories and concepts to significantpolitical, economic and social issues and to the ways in which public policiesare made. Its articles deal with topics of concern to public policy scholars inAmerica, Europe, Japan and other advanced industrial nations. The journal oftenpublishes articles that cut across disciplines, such as environmental issues,international political economy, regulatory policy and European Unionprocesses. Its peer reviewers come from up to a dozen social sciencedisciplines and countries across three continents, thus ensuring both analyticrigour and accuracy in reference to national and policy context.
The politics of fiscalconsolidation revisited
Abstract:Thispaper examines the capacity of governments to implement fiscal Reforms in timesof austerity. Unlike existing studies, which mostly focus on gradual policychanges like government spending, this analysis distinguishes betweenconsolidation sizes to examine fiscal reforms. This strategy clarifiescontradictory results in previous research and yields new insights into theunderlying mechanism of fiscal form. Based on an action-based data set thatincludes information about discretionary changes in taxation and governmentspending policies from 1978 until 2009 for 16 advanced (OECD) countries, thestudy shows that left and right governments are equally likely to implementcuts. Strategic considerations play a major role for the timing of fiscalconsolidation, as the probability of fiscal cuts is highest at the beginning ofthe legislative term. When governments reform, the left cut as much asnecessary, whereas right governments take the opportunity to reduce spendingmore.
重新审视财政削减改革的政治学
本文旨在探讨经济紧缩时政府实施财政改革的能力。不同于现有研究主要关注政府支出政策的渐进变迁，本文重点突出财政改革研究中的财政削减规模。这种策略澄清了先前研究中存在矛盾，并提出财政改革机制的新见解。根据1978年到2009年间16个发达国家（经合组织成员国）财政领域改革（包括有关税收自由裁量和政府支出政策等信息）的数据库，研究发现：无论是左派倾向还是右派倾向的政府，均可能实施财政削减政策；作为财政改革的战略考量，实施财政削减意义重大，因此，在政策合法化初期政府选择财政削减政策的可能性最高；一旦推行财政削减改革，左派倾向的政府不惜削减掉有必要的支出，而右派倾向的政府则选择压缩花费较多的项目。
Agency policy preferences congressional letter-marking and the allocation of distributive policy benefits
Abstract:When allocating distributive benefits, bureaucratsmust balance their own policy preferences with requests from members ofCongress. The elimination of earmarking may provide agency personnel withgreater discretion in the allocation of distributive benefits. Using a noveldata set of congressional letters written in support of their community’s airtraffic control towers, we estimate a model that explores the Federal AviationAdministration’s decision to issue national interest exemptions to continue operationsat towers slated for closure as a result of budget sequestration. Our analysissuggests that members of Congress do not enjoy the influence they possessedunder earmarking when using a new method, letter-marking, to influence howagencies distribute benefits.
分配型政策的利益分配：基于议员书信的行政机构政策偏好
涉及到利益分配型政策，官员必须学会基于国会议员的请求平衡其政策偏好。书信标记的消除提供了考察行政官员利益分配型政策中自由裁量问题的可能性。通过使用国会议员有关支持社区空中流量控制塔的书信新数据，本文建立估计模型，考察美国联邦航空管理局继续使用航空流量控制塔的决定，如何引发有关国家利益豁免的争议，并为平息争论最终做出停止航空流量控制塔的过程。研究发现：国会议员并不会采取新方法，而倾向于选择向机构提交书信，影响行政机构的利益分配型政策。
The stability of basic income: a constitutional solution
for a political problem?
Abstract:Althoughbasic income has surged in policy interest in recent years, political researchhas not kept up with the debate in the trenches. In this article, we tackle apolitical problem any enacting coalition must face: how to ensure the politicalstability of a basic income over time. We first demonstrate how basic incomeschemes are particularly vulnerable to processes of policy change discussed inthe recent policy feedback literature. We then analyze whether constitutionalizingbasic income in a Bill of Rights protected by strong judicial review wouldoffer a valuable route for boosting basic income’s stability. A carefulexamination of the decision-making process within judicial review suggeststhat, caught up in a dilemma between judicial restraint and judicial activism,anenacting coalition would do well not to rely on constitutional mechanisms asthe sole avenue for ensuring the political stability of basic income.
基本收入的稳定性：政治问题解决的宪法路径？
虽然近年来有关基本收入的政策研究大量涌现，但政治理论研究并未跟上最新的讨论。本文解决了任何联合政府制定法律必须面对的一个政治问题：如何确保一定时期基于基本收入政治稳定。文章首先回顾了在最近政策反馈文献中，基本收入政策方案特别容易引致批评的状态；然后分析基本收入保障的宪法化，即基于人权法案保护的强有力司法审查，是否提供一个有价值的途径促进基本收入的稳定性。通过审慎考察司法审查的决策过程，本文提出：受制于司法克制主义和司法能动主义之间的困境，立法联盟并不能仅仅依赖宪法机制作为唯一途径，确保基本收入的政治稳定。
The three institutionalisms and institutional dynamics:
Understandingendogenous and exogenous change
Abstract: Althoughnew institutionalism has long been criticised for presenting overly staticaccounts of social reality, that critique is becoming increasingly unwarranted.In recent years, historical, ideational and rational choice institutionalistshave produced a rich body of literature on mechanisms and processes ofinstitutional change. This article reviews this emerging literature andconcludes that the most promising avenue for future research is to furtherexplore the potential for combining insights from the three subtypes ofinstitutionalism. In the hopes of encouraging future studies of institutionalchange to engage more explicitly in theoretical integration, this article proposesa sequential approach to combining insights from different traditions andproviding comprehensive accounts of exogenous and endogenous processes ofinstitutional change.
新制度主义理论和制度的动态演进：基于外生和内生的变迁
虽然新制度主义一直被指责为过于静态的社会现实描述，但这种批判越来越被视为毫无根据。近年来，历史的、观念的和理性选择的制度主义研究者贡献了丰富的有关制度变迁机制和过程的研究。本文综述这一新兴领域的文献，并得出结论：未来的研究有望进一步探索将新制度主义理论三个路径整合起来的可能性。寄希望于制度变革研究未来趋向于更明确的理论整合，本文结合新制度主义理论三个研究路径的不同研究传统，提出了一种序贯的整合视角，以图全面的理解制度变迁的外生和内生的过程。
Luckor luxury? Possible corruption in the car registration process in the Czech Republic
Abstrac：Researchinto the detection of fraud and corruption has brought many new insights inrecent decades, partly thanks to a decrease in the costs of data collection andprocessing. However, access to data often remains an issue, especially whenfraud or corruption seems to be present. This article applies a simpledetection method focusing on possible manipulations in the car registrationprocess in the Czech Republic, where car registration plates are allegedlyassigned in random order . As access toofficial data was denied, we collected data in the field for a random sample of5,000 cars, and used this to examine the existence of statistical relationshipsbetween the cars ’estimated price at registration and their registration platenumbers. The results show that cars with intuitively appealing registrationplates are on average significantly more expensive than other cars. Moreover,this price difference corresponds to the relative scarcity of the given type ofregistration plate number, which could be a sign of discretionary behavior inthe allocation of such plates.
运气还是奢望：捷克汽车注册登记过程中可能存在的腐败
受益于数据收集和处理成本的下降，最近几十年，如何识别欺诈和贿赂的研究产生了许多新见解。然而，数据的可获得性仍是一个问题，尤其是欺诈或腐败是否存在往往存在似是而非的模糊性问题。本文应用一个简单的识别方法，关注捷克汽车登记牌过程中可能存在的操控现象，这一过程宣称是随机排号的。因为访问官方数据被拒绝，本文随机抽样5000辆汽车，检验汽车注册时估价和车牌号之间可能存在的统计关系。结果表明：牌照直观上很有吸引力车辆的平均价格比其他一般牌照的车辆价格更昂贵。这种价格差异揭示了汽车注册登记牌号中一些号码的稀缺性，折射出车辆牌照号分配中的自由裁量行为。
The political economy oftax enforcement: a look at the Internal Revenue Service from 1978 to 2010
Abstract:Thisarticle looks at whether political ideology matters for enforcement of thenation’s tax laws. An analysis of the Internal Revenue Service(IRS) budget and personnel suggests that the party affiliation of the Presidentmakes no difference to the overall level of IRS resources. However, there aresignificant increases in the number of IRS employees devoted to criminalinvestigation and revenue collection under Democratic administrations. Auditsof tax returns filed by corporations, individuals and estates are alsosignificantly more likely under Democratic administrations. The body ofevidence points in the direction that while Congress has a greater influence indetermining the overall level of resources available to the IRS, the Presidenthas a more pronounced influence on the allocation of those resources.
税收执法的政治经济学：基于美国国税局的考察（1978-2010）
本文考察政治意识形态是否影响国家税法的执行。通过对国税局(IRS)预算和人事安排的分析，文章指出：总统来自哪个政党并不会导致国税局资源动员能力的整体水平。但是，民主党执政时期，致力于违法行为调查和税收征稽的国税局员工数量显著增加。同期对企业、个人、不动产等领域的税收返还的审计同样呈显著增加趋势。对此的实证研究表明：虽然国会在决定美国国税局可用资源的总体水平上有更大的影响力，但总统对这些资源的分配有更加明显的影响。
The electoral foundationsto noncompliance: addressing the puzzle of unlawful state aid in the EuropeanUnion
Abstract:Electoralinstitutions shape the incentives of governments to rely on distributivemeasures and to comply with international obligations because of themisalignment they may engender between the collective objectives of agovernment party and the individual objectives of its members in thelegislature. We use this argument to explain the puzzle of unlawful state aidmeasures in the European Union (EU). Existing theories of EU compliance andimplementation offer no convincing explanation to their persistence andpatterns. Using data from 2000 to 2012, we find that an increase of districtmagnitude improves compliance. However, compliance decreases with highermagnitude where either party leaders have no control over the ballot rank orother electoral rules strengthen the incentives to search for a personal vote.We also provide evidence for the effects of electoral reforms on compliance.These results have implications for the broader literature on compliance withinternational regimes.
不遵从的选举基础:破解欧盟非法定政府援助的“密码”
源于立法过程中政府政党集体目标和成员个体目标的难以调和，选举制度形塑起政府信奉分配政策、遵从国际义务的动机。本文运用这一论点解释欧盟非法定国家援助实施中的困惑。既有关于成员国对欧盟的遵从和执行的研究，并不能对欧盟的持续性和模式提供令人信服的解释。运用2000年到2012年间的数据，本文发现欧盟规模的扩大提升了成员国的遵从性。然而，在没有任何一方领导人控制投票排名，或者其他选举规则强化了对个人选举激励时，遵从的动机将显著降低。此外，文章还提供了有关选举改革影响遵从性的证据。这一研究将对更广泛意义上有关国际体系遵从的研究提供启示。
Happytaxation: increasing tax compliance through positive rewards?
Abstract:Cangovernmentsincrease tax compliance by rewarding honest taxpayers? We conducteda controlled laboratory experiment comparing tax compliance under a“deterrence” baseline with tax compliance under two “reward” treatments: a“donation” treatment giving taxpayers a say in the spending purposes of theirpayments and a “lucky” treatment giving taxpayers the (highly unlikely) chanceof winning a lottery. The reward treatments significantly affected taxbehaviour but not in a straightforward manner. Although female participantsaltered their behaviour as expected and complied somewhat more, men stronglyreacted in the opposite manner: they evaded a much higher percentage of taxesthan under the baseline. Apparently, there is no one-size-fits-all approach toboost tax compliance.
快乐纳税：奖赏是否有助于提升税收的遵从性?
政府通过对诚实纳税人的奖励是否可以提升税收的遵从性？本文就此问题开展了实验室式的控制试验，依据有“足够影响力”的基线标准，设置两套激励方案比较纳税行为的遵从性。“捐款模式”主要体现纳税人的消费支出；而“运气模式”则给予纳税者更大的机会赢得彩票。基于奖励方案的差异化处理显著影响到税收行为，但这一影响并非直截了当。尽管女性参与者像期望的那样改变了自己其行为，并且一定程度上表现出更多的遵守，但男性参与者却表现出相反的行为选择，其选择避税的比例远远高于选择低于基准线的行为比例。显然，没有放之四海而皆准的方法来提高纳税人的税收遵从性。
注：翻译未显示作者信息，在此致歉！限于部分研究专业性较强，翻译存在较多不足，欢迎提出宝贵意见。
